Chemical Hygiene Plan

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Plan Organization

This document is broken down into five sections:

Part I. Roles and Responsibilities: Contains specific roles and responsibilities for various stakeholders associated with the CHP. Also includes contact information for those who operate under the CHP as well as emergency contact information. In the event of an emergency, contact 911 for immediate emergency response.

Part II. Basic Laboratory Policies: Contains the basic, minimal information laboratory personnel need to know before using hazardous chemicals. It is designed to get laboratory personnel directly to the relevant information they need before beginning their laboratory work.

Part III. General Chemical Hygiene Practices: Outlines the minimum required precautions and standard operating procedures for working with laboratory chemicals. These practices address broad classes of chemicals, and include chemical hazard and risk assessment information.

Part IV. Department or Lab Specific Chemical Hygiene Practices: Contains information on standard operating procedures generated by individual labs for specialized materials, procedures, or practices.

Part V. Administrative Provisions: Includes EHS management, prior approval and procurement requirements, medical evaluations and assessments, record keeping, laboratory inspections and audits, compliance and enforcement, and other related federal regulations that impact chemical use.

Part VI. Appendices: Appendices include detailed information on each individual component of the Lab Standard and lab operations.

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Roles and Responsibilities

Chemical Hygiene Committee

The Chemical Hygiene Committee (CHC), the Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO), and the Environmental, Health, and Safety Office (EHS) is responsible for providing guidance and administrative oversight related to broad laboratory safety issues associated with TMCC laboratories. The CHC considers all environmental health and safety risks associated with TMCC laboratory activities that arise from chemical, biological, radiological, and physical hazards.

CHC Members

• Science Prep Lab Coordinator: Andrew Zareie
  775-674-7688
  azareie@tmcc.edu
• EHS / CHO: Benjamin Davis
  775-674-7951
  bendavis@tmcc.edu
• Prep Lab / Chemistry: Krysta Murphy
  775-674-7902
  kmurphy@tmcc.edu
• Prep Lab / Biology: Leslie Anderson
  775-673-7075
  landerson@tmcc.edu

The CHC is responsible for development of college policies and administrative oversight of laboratory activities. Specific responsibilities of the CHC include:

• Advise the TMCC Environmental, Health, and Safety Committee (EHS Committee) and the Dean of the Division of Sciences on matters related to chemical hygiene and laboratory safety;
• Develop, recommend, and oversee policies and procedures for management and reduction of laboratory risks throughout the College;
• Oversee EHS issues associated with laboratory operational, research, teaching, and testing activities;
• Make recommendations on facility design features, laboratory ventilation, utilities, equipment, and services necessary to conduct high quality laboratory teaching and research while minimizing risks. Both typical and atypical laboratory operations should be considered. Recommendations should include financial and operational responsibilities, including design, construction, purchase, installation, preventative maintenance and repair, and testing and calibration services;
• Advise and provide technical expertise on matters regarding laboratory safety to the Laboratory Safety Committee, Dean of the Division of Sciences, EHS staff, or other members of the college community;
• Conduct investigations of serious violations or operational problems, and make recommendations to EHS, EHS Committee, Dean of Division of Sciences, and other appropriate college administrators for the resolution of continued non-compliance or serious infractions; and
• Refuse, suspend, or cancel authorization to conduct laboratory activities when training and/or experience or laboratory facilities and equipment is deemed inadequate, or in the event of continued regulatory or policy non-compliance or serious infractions.

TMCC Environmental Health and Safety Committee

The TMCC EHS Committee, as promulgated under NRS 618.383 (b), evaluates potential health and safety issues communicated by members of various campus constituencies. Decisions related to communications should further the primary goal of providing a safe and healthful environment for faculty, staff, students, and the public, and reducing worker compensation injury claims. The EHS Committee will review and recommend actions necessary to improve safety standards and training requirements.

Environmental Health and Safety Office

The Environmental Health and Safety Office (EHS) is the administrative unit with the responsibility for development and implementation of TMCC environmental health and safety policies, and assists in the development of departmental specific training and procedures.

Chemical Hygiene Officer

The Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) as defined by the OSHA Laboratory Standard maintains the following responsibilities:

• Oversee the administration and implementation of the TMCC CHP;
• Serve as Chair of the Chemical Hygiene Committee;
• Assist laboratory supervisors in development and implementation of laboratory-specific operating procedures;
• Ensure laboratory assessments are conducted to ensure implementation of this program;
• Ensure activities related to the use of hazardous chemicals in laboratories are conducted in a safe manner;
• Ensure activities related to the use of hazardous chemicals in laboratories are conducted in compliance with state and federal regulations;
• Annual review of the TMCC CHP, more frequently if needed;
• Participate in the development and implementation of lab safety training; and
• Conduct periodic review of federal regulations and state requirements.

Laboratory Supervisors

Laboratory Supervisors are responsible for the health and safety of all personnel working in their laboratory (research labs and teaching labs). Laboratory supervisors are responsible for implementing the TMCC CHP in their lab(s) including:

• Development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and specific laboratory safety training;
• Developing an emergency response plan for the Department that is compatible with the College Emergency Operations Plan (EOP);
• Participating in health and safety assessments of departmental laboratories;
• Reporting laboratory and environmental incidents (e.g., injuries, illnesses, fires, explosions, and spills / releases) to the EHS Office in a timely manner. Incidents requiring response should be immediately reported to University Police Services. Minor incidents not requiring immediate response should be reported by the next business day to the EHS Office. Departments are responsible for investigating the cause of each incident and providing a report of the investigation findings to the CHO. All witnesses, participants and visitors at the time of the incident should be recorded. Photographs of any injuries and the scene should be included with the report;
• Informing the Facilities Services and/or the EHS Office of any unsafe conditions, including deficiencies in safety equipment and unsafe laboratory equipment. Anytime safety issues are submitted to and resolved by Facilities Services the EHS Office should be notified.

Specific responsibilities include:

• Ensuring that all laboratory personnel receive documented training on the specific health and safety hazards to which they are potentially exposed and that personnel are competent to perform their assigned work. The training must include laboratory hazards, methods and procedures required to work safely in the laboratory, emergency response actions, and when and how to obtain medical treatment for workplace illness or injury;
• Developing and maintaining written SOPs that address health and safety concerns associated with laboratory operations that involve hazardous chemicals;
• Ensuring that Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and other sources of chemical hazard information are available to laboratory workers, and that workers know how to access this information;
• Communicate information regarding hazards and necessary safe work practices to authorized laboratory visitors including other laboratory personnel, maintenance workers, custodians, and vendors.
• Provide supervision of laboratory personnel at a level commensurate with the education, experience, and competence level of the personnel. In the event of an extended absence, the Laboratory Supervisor should arrange for a qualified alternate to provide supervision of laboratory operations;
• Ensure that personal protective equipment (PPE) and any project-specific safety equipment are available, in proper working order;
• Implement and enforce preventative measures to control hazards and minimize risks to personnel. This includes complying with regulations, College and Departmental laboratory safety policies, and prudent laboratory safety practices.
• Promote environmental health by maintaining compliance with environmental regulations, including minimization and proper management of hazardous wastes, reduction of laboratory water and air effluent, and prudent management of hazardous materials inventories.
• Take active steps to identify laboratory safety deficiencies and ensure remediation. Such deficiencies include those identified during laboratory safety inspections. This policy also recommends that Laboratory Supervisors organize and conduct internal, documented, self-inspections at least twice each year. It is recommended that laboratory supervisors tailor checklists for specific activities and hazards.
• Ensure that any deficiencies in facility-associated safety equipment, including laboratory fume hoods, safety showers/eyewashes, fire extinguishers, and emergency egress lighting are reported to the Facilities Services for remediation.
• Ensure that laboratory-related injuries and emergency incidents and illnesses are reported to the EHS Office and the responsible Department Chair/Coordinator, and necessary forms are filed according to current policy.
• Participate and maintain the departmental Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP)

Laboratory Workers

All laboratory workers are directly responsible for their own safety, as well as the safety of other laboratory workers, students, staff, and visitors. Unsafe acts performed by one individual can affect the safety and work productivity of others. Personnel who have health or safety concerns should contact their supervisor and/or EHS, and should not perform the work until they are confident their concerns have been adequately addressed.

Specific responsibilities include:

• Conducting all laboratory activities in accordance with the TMCC CHP and laboratory-specific standard operating procedures.
• Participating in required training.
• Utilizing engineering controls, safety equipment, and personal protective equipment in an appropriate manner.
• Informing the laboratory supervisor of any safety, health, or environmental incidents and unsafe conditions, including deficiencies in safety equipment.
• Wear appropriate eye protection at all times. At a minimum, safety glasses are required whenever operations involving chemicals are being performed.
• Minimize chemical exposure through consistent and proper use of laboratory hoods and personal protective equipment.
• Communicate with others in the building when working alone in the laboratory; let them know when you arrive and leave. Avoid working alone in the laboratory when performing high-risk operations.
• Use cautious judgment when leaving unattended operations: 1) post signs to communicate appropriate warnings and precautions, 2) anticipate potential equipment and facility failures, and 3) provide containment for release of hazardous chemicals.
• Assume that unknown materials are toxic, and that a mixture is more toxic than its most toxic compound.
• Know the location and proper use of emergency equipment, such as safety showers and fire extinguishers, and maintain clear access to this equipment.
• Label all chemical containers with the identity of the contents, hazard warnings, and chemical concentration, including when chemicals are transferred to a new container (eg. flask, falcon tube, etc.)
• Use appropriate safety carriers (secondary containment) when transporting chemicals.

TMCC Facility staff working in the laboratories must follow the laboratory safety policies and the proper usage of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Emergency Contacts

• Environmental, Health and Safety Office
  775-674-7951
  ehs@tmcc.edu
• Chemical Hygiene Officer
  775-674-7951
  bendavis@tmcc.edu
• Lab Coordinator
  775-674-7688
  azareie@tmcc.edu
• Facilities Services
  775-673-7100
  facilities@tmcc.edu

After Hours Emergency Contact

• University Police Services
  775-784-4013
• Facility Services
  775-745-0262
• Emergencies dial 9 – 1 – 1
  911

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Part II. Basic Laboratory Policies

General Lab Safety Rules

The following should be followed for all laboratory work.

Accidents and spills

Eye Contact: Flush eyes for 15 minutes and seek medical attention if necessary.

Ingestion: Drink large amounts of water. Seek medical attention if necessary.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with water. Remove contaminated clothing. Seek medical attention if necessary.

Spills: Promptly clean up spills following specific protocol, large spills are handled differently than small spills. Refer to the TMCC Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Plan for more information regarding spills.

Reporting: Accidents and spills should be documented using the appropriate incident report.

Avoidance of exposure:

• Avoid unnecessary exposure to chemicals.
• Do not smell or taste chemicals.
• Inspect personal protective equipment (PPE) before use.
• Do not release toxic substances into the air. Use an appropriate laboratory hood when using toxic and/or volatile chemicals.
• Only use chemicals when proper PPE is available.
• Do not eat, drink, smoke, chew gum or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. Wash your hands before and after doing any of these activities.
• Do not store, handle or consume food or beverages in storage areas, refrigerators, glassware or utensils, which are also used for laboratory operations.
• Handle and store glassware with care.
• Do not use damaged glassware.
• Use equipment only for its designed purpose.
• Wash your hands, and any exposed areas, thoroughly before leaving the laboratory.
• Avoid playing around in the lab.
• Do not use mouth suction for pipetting or starting a siphon.
• Confine long hair and loose clothing.
• Wear long pants and closed-toed shoes at all times.

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PART III. General Chemical Hygiene Practices

Written Standard Operating Procedures

Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's) relevant to health and safety concerns are required for laboratory operations involving hazardous chemicals.

Laboratory supervisors are responsible for developing laboratory-specific SOPs that cover the hazards present in their laboratory. The laboratory-specific SOPs should supplement, rather than duplicate, the general SOP's contained in this document.

A risk-based approach should be used to identify laboratory-specific SOP topics including:

• The use of carcinogens and reproductive toxins, and highly acutely toxic chemicals.
  See Appendix A: Particularly Hazardous Substances
• Frequently performed procedures.
• Chemicals that are used frequently or in relatively large amounts.
• Higher risk, non-chemical hazards.

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Flammable and combustible liquids are classified according to their flash point.

• Flammable liquids having a flash point of less than 100°F
• Combustible liquids having a flash point greater than 100°F

Both flammable and combustible liquids are considered fire hazards. Procedures should be implemented in order to reduce the fire risk associated with these materials.

See Appendix B: Safe Handling of Flammable and Combustible Liquids

• Fire extinguishers appropriate for the fire hazards present must be available in all laboratories and storage areas.
• Class D fire extinguishers must be available in the immediate work area when working with flammable metals such as magnesium, sodium, and potassium.
  • Contact Facilities Operations and Capital Planning at 673-7100 to inquire about Class D fire extinguishers.
  • When using only small quantities of flammable metals, dry sand can be used to smother a fire; however, dry graphite must be used to extinguish lithium fires.

Highly Reactive Chemicals

Highly reactive chemicals include those that have the potential to vigorously polymerize, undergo a vigorous condensation or oxidation-reduction reaction, or become self-reactive due to shock, pressure, temperature, light, or contact with another material. Examples of highly reactive chemicals are explosives, peroxides, water-reactive, and pyrophoric.

• All work involving highly reactive chemicals must be approved by the CHO prior to purchase and by the lab supervisor before initiation of the work. Lab attendees should be told when work with highly reactive chemicals is being conducted.

Minimize the quantity of reactive chemicals used or synthesized to the smallest amount needed.

Organic Peroxides

As a class, organic peroxides are one of the most hazardous chemicals commonly used in the laboratory. Most organic peroxides are sensitive to heat, impact, friction, light and readily react with oxidizing and reducing compounds, and are highly flammable. Since the sensitivity and instability of these compounds vary, always thoroughly review the properties of specific compounds prior to their use.

• Do not use metal spatulas, stirring bars, or other metal items to handle peroxides, as metal contamination can lead to explosive decomposition.

Many chemicals can undergo auto-oxidation to form explosive peroxides. Peroxide-forming compounds contain a reactive hydrogen atom that is "activated" by adjacent structural components.

See Appendix C: Peroxide-Forming Chemicals.

Corrosive Chemicals

Corrosive chemicals cause destruction of tissue through chemical action at the point of contact. Corrosive chemicals can be liquids, solids, or gases; consequently, corrosive effects can affect the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Examples of corrosive chemicals include liquids such as acids and bases, bromine, and hydrogen peroxide; gases such as chlorine and ammonia; and solids such as phosphorus and phenol.

Allergens

Exposure to a chemical allergen can result in immunological sensitization to the chemical or close structural analogs. Once sensitization to a chemical occurs, subsequent exposure to extremely low doses of the chemical produces an allergic reaction (for example, skin rash or asthma). Examples of compounds that may cause sensitization in some individuals are diazomethane, various isocyanates, formaldehyde, and benzylic and allylic halides.

Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used when working with corrosive chemicals and allergens.

See Appendix D: Corrosive Chemicals and Allergens

Cryogenic Liquids

Cryogenic liquids are materials with a boiling point of less than –100°F; common examples include liquid nitrogen, helium, and argon, and dry ice/alcohol slurries.

Cryogenic liquids undergo large volume expansion upon transition to the gas phase, for example, one volume of liquid nitrogen vaporizes to 694 volumes of nitrogen gas. Consequently, the warming of a cryogenic liquid in a sealed container produces high pressure, which can rupture the container.

Hazards of cryogenic liquids include fire (in the case of flammable or oxidizing materials), pressure buildup, explosion, as well as severe frostbite (on contact with skin) and asphyxiation (due to depletion of available oxygen).

Additionally, cryogenic liquids such as liquid nitrogen have boiling points below that of oxygen and are capable of condensing atmospheric oxygen, resulting in a localized, oxygen-enriched environment through formation of liquid oxygen. Liquid oxygen in combination with many organic (oxidizing) materials can result in a violent reaction.

Compressed Gases

Compressed gases are considered more hazardous to handle than liquids or solids because of the high pressure involved and the ability of the gas to spread rapidly when released. Additionally, many compressed gases are flammable, toxic or corrosive.

Compressed gas cylinders must be transported using hand-trucks or other appropriate means. NEVER TRANSPORT UNSECURED COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS.

See Appendix E: Cryogenic Liquids and Compressed gases

Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, and Highly Acutely Toxic Chemicals

Carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and chemicals with high acute toxicity are considered high-risk materials and are classified by OSHA as "Particularly Hazardous Substances."

A listing of several common laboratory chemicals that are known carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or which have high acute toxicity is provided to assist laboratory workers in identifying particularly hazardous substances.

Anyone working with high-risk materials must seek prior approval from the Lab Safety Committee.

Procedures involving particularly hazardous substances that are thought to have potential for significant exposure to personnel under normal operations must be conducted in a designated area.

Always use the smallest amount of chemical that is consistent with the requirements of the work to be performed.

Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used when working with particularly hazardous substances.

See Appendix A: Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, and Highly Acutely Toxic Chemicals

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Part IV. Department / Lab Specific Chemical Hygiene Practices

Classroom Lab Specific SOP's are maintained by faculty responsible for conducting lab exercises and are routinely reviewed by the Laboratory Safety Committee.

Prep Lab SOP's are maintained by the Prep Lab staff and are available in the Prep Lab.

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Part V. Administrative Provisions Communication of Chemical Hazards

Safety Data Sheets

Safety Data Sheets (SDS) are chemical hazard information sheets designed to provide users with the information necessary to handle the chemical safely. OSHA regulations require that chemical manufacturers and vendors supply SDS's to chemical users, and that workers have ready access to SDS's.

All Safety Data Sheets (SDS's) received with incoming hazardous chemicals must be retained and made available to employees. Copies (preferably electronic) are to be added to the chemical SDS Inventory.

Before using a new chemical, laboratory workers should review the SDS. Consequently, all laboratory workers must know the location of the SDS's that are maintained by the laboratory, and how to obtain SDS's covering additional chemicals used in the laboratory.

SDS's may not always provide adequate chemical hazard information and do not cover non-chemical hazards, therefore additional sources of hazard information must be available to laboratory workers.

See Appendix F: Communication of Chemical Hazards

Chemical Labeling

The original labels on manufacturer's containers must not be defaced or removed.

If the original label is missing or is illegible, it must be replaced with a label containing adequate chemical hazard information.

Secondary Containers

Chemicals that are transferred from their original container to a secondary storage container must be labeled with the chemical name and appropriate hazard warnings consistent with the original label.

Temporary chemical containers

Containers such as beakers, volumetric flasks, and reaction vessels in active use require only a content identifier label; however, hazard warnings are recommended for reagents that are highly toxic, highly flammable, or which have other significant hazards.

Containers of chemical mixtures

Containers that have been prepared in the laboratory for use as reagents (such as buffers, or dilute acid or base solutions) must be labeled with the chemical constituents.

See Appendix F: Communication of Chemical Hazards

Chemical Procurement

• Understand the proper handling, storage and disposal of the chemicals.
• Do not accept a container without an adequate identifying label.
• Whenever possible, choose chemicals that minimize hazards such as toxicity, flammability, and reactivity.
• Order only the volume of chemicals needed.
  • It is recommended that chemical containers be labeled with the date of receipt and the date opened.

Chemical Distribution

• Chemicals should be carried in an unbreakable secondary container.
• Chemicals must be properly labeled.
• Avoid carrying chemicals through crowded halls or in elevators with passengers.

Chemical Storage

Stockrooms/storerooms

• Chemicals should be segregated and stored according to their hazard classification and compatibility.
• A chemical inventory must be maintained for all chemicals stored in the laboratory. Each laboratory should perform periodic (at least annually) inspections of their chemical inventory. Each laboratory should also maintain real-time inventory of their chemical storage areas.
• Chemical storage areas should be locked when authorized personnel are not present.
• Higher risk chemicals (highly toxic, flammable, or reactive) should be stored in unbreakable secondary containers.
• Storage of chemicals on the floor should be minimized and storage of glass chemical containers on the floor should be avoided.
• Chemical storage cabinets should be secured to a wall or other structure to avoid tipping over when possible.

Laboratory Storage

• Amounts stored should be as small as possible.
• Storage on bench tops and in hoods is not advisable.
• Exposure to heat or direct sunlight should be avoided.
• Periodic inventories should be conducted and unneeded items discarded or returned to the storeroom.

Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids

• Guidelines must be used for the safe storage of flammable and combustible liquids.

See Appendix G: Chemical Storage

Environmental Monitoring

• Regular instrumental monitoring of airborne concentrations is not typically justified or practical in laboratories. Please call EHS if you have concerns regarding environmental monitoring.

Housekeeping

• Laboratories should be kept neat. Benches, floors, hoods, shelves and store rooms should be kept clean and organized.
• Chemicals and supplies should be put away when not in use.
• Dishes should be cleaned regularly.
• Floors should be cleaned regularly.
• Spills must be cleaned up promptly.
• Equipment should be kept clean and in working order.

Inspections

• Formal housekeeping and chemical hygiene inspections should be conducted at least each Spring and Fall semester for high traffic units and those with high personnel changes. Semi-annually for other units.
• Informal inspections should be conducted on a continual basis, at least monthly.

Preventative and Corrective Maintenance

Eyewashes and Showers

Emergency eyewash inspection, testing, and maintenance are conducted according to ANSI / ISEA Z358.1-2014. Inspection of the eyewash and shower stations are the responsibility of the department. Formal inspections are to be conducted annually. Weekly activation inspections shall be logged on a form located at each station with the date, time and inspector's name, or electronically. All deficiencies are to be immediately reported. No laboratory activities are to resume until the wash station(s) is returned to service.

Individual users (departments or laboratories) will flush eyewashes on a weekly basis to verify performance and to reduce the threat of microbial infection (an operating time of three to five minutes is recommended).

Other safety equipment should be inspected regularly by lab personnel and documented and archived for future reference.

Note: Maintenance personnel should contact the Laboratory Coordinator before working in laboratories and/or on laboratory equipment.

Passageways

• Stairways and hallways should not be used as storage areas.
• Do not block access to exits, emergency equipment, or utility controls.

Medical Program

Regular medical surveillance is generally not necessary as our program does not rise to the level of toxicologically significant quantities. Please contact EHS if you have concerns regarding medical surveillance.

The TMCC Police Department employs personnel trained in first aid. 775-334-COPS (2677)

In the case of an emergency, dial 911

Protective Apparel and Equipment

Laboratories must contain a fire extinguisher. Please contact EHS or Facility Operations for questions regarding fire extinguishers.

A telephone should be available nearby. Please call Information Technology if you do not have readily available access to a telephone.

Use of Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used to supplement engineering controls (such as laboratory ventilation) and good work practices, and is an important component of laboratory safety.

• Eye protection (safety glasses or goggles) should be worn at all times in the laboratory while handling any laboratory grade chemicals.
  • Safety glasses require to be ANSI/ISEA Z87.1 certified.
• Hand Protection: There are a variety of glove materials available; however, no one glove material is resistant to permeation by all chemicals. When significant chemical contact (significant because of toxicity, corrosivity, chemical volume or contact time) is expected, specific chemical resistant gloves should be selected based on their resistance to the chemicals in use.
• Body Protection: It is highly recommended that laboratory workers always wear a buttoned lab coat when handling chemicals.
• Foot Protection: Laboratory workers should always wear low-heeled shoes with fully covering "uppers." Shoes with open toes, open heels or with uppers constructed of woven material are not allowed.
• Respiratory Protection is not required during normal laboratory operations if the work is performed in a properly functioning laboratory hood.
  • Prior approval from EHS is required whenever personnel are required to, or voluntarily wear any respirator, including N-95 filtering facepiece respirators. In these circumstances, all personnel must be medically evaluated, fit-tested, and trained prior to using respiratory protection.
  • Voluntary Use of Respirators: Some personnel may want to voluntarily wear a dust mask (filtering facepiece) or other respirator in the absence of a recognized inhalation risk, regulatory requirement, or administrative requirement. In these circumstances, personnel are permitted to voluntarily wear a respirator; however, certain requirements must still be met so EHS must be contacted prior to voluntary use of respirators.

See Appendix H: Personal Protective Equipment

Eyewashes and Safety Showers

All laboratories and chemical storage areas must have ready access to appropriate operating emergency eyewash and / or drench stations.

Safety showers are required in areas using corrosive materials.

Recommended maximum travel time for an affected individual (assume eyes have been splashed with chemicals) is 10 seconds, with a maximum travel distance of 100 feet. Contact EHS for a determination on the necessity and placement of eyewashes and showers.

See Appendix I: Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers

Use of Laboratory Hoods

All chemicals, especially toxic and/or flammable chemicals, should be handled in a laboratory hood whenever it is reasonable to do so.

As a general guide, chemicals meeting the definition of "toxic," or which have an exposure limit less than 50 ppm (or 0.25 mg/m3 for airborne particulate), should be used in a laboratory hood or other containment device that effectively controls exposures.

Note: Laboratory hood evaluations should be performed at least annually to ensure that ventilation performance measures are being met. Please notify EHS of all scheduled evaluations.

Laboratory hood performance should also be evaluated following any maintenance, repair, or modification that could affect ventilation performance.

See Appendix J: Laboratory Ventilation

Records

• Accident/Incident reports must be written and retained. Copies should be forwarded to the EHS department.
• All safety training, including content and rosters must be archived.
• Inventory and usage records for high-risk substances should be kept.
• Medical records should be retained.
• Chemical Hygiene Plan records should document reviews of current knowledge and regulations and any changes.

Signs and Labels

Prominent signs should be posted at entrances which contain contact information for the CHO, Lab Coordinator, TMCC Police Department, and Facilities Operations and Capital Planning.

• Doors, cabinets, equipment and designated areas should be labeled with relevant warning and hazard information.
• Location signs should be posted for the safety equipment, first aids kits, and exits.
• Food and beverage areas should be clearly posted.
• Identification labels showing the contents of containers, including waste receptacles, and any associated risks.

Spills and Accidents

• A written emergency plan should be established and communicated for each laboratory.
• A spill control policy should be developed, which contains prevention, containment, cleanup and reporting protocols.

All accidents or near misses should be reported to EHS. EHS should report to the Laboratory Safety Committee, who should analyze the situation and distribute the results to concerned parties.

Information and Training

All individuals at risk must be adequately informed of the risks and hazards associated with their work. This process may include a job hazard analysis (JHA).

• Each laboratory worker should know the location and proper use of the available protective apparel and equipment.
• Full-time personnel in the laboratory should be trained in the proper use of emergency equipment and procedures.
• Laboratory workers should be familiar with the Safety Data Sheets (SDS) relevant to their work. They should know where the SDS's are kept.

Training and education should be a regular, continuing activity. Laboratory workers should be trained at the start of employment and whenever SOP's or regulations are changed or whenever the laboratory supervisor deems it necessary.

Hazardous Waste Management Plan

The TMCC Hazardous Waste Management Plan (HWMP) is written to minimize harm to life and the environment due to the disposal of chemical and related waste.

• Unlabeled containers of chemicals and solutions should be disposed of following the procedures outlined in the HWMP.
• Partially used, deteriorating or contaminated chemicals should not be opened. They should be disposed of following the procedures outlined in the HWMP.
• Waste should be removed from laboratories to a central waste storage area within a reasonable amount of time, at least once per semester.
• Laboratory personnel should not be treating chemical waste.
• Do not pour hazardous waste chemicals down the drain.
• Hoods should not be used as a means of disposal for volatile chemicals.
• All containers prepped for waste disposal must be properly labeled with the chemical Name, volume, concentration, pH if applicable, date, and associated risks.

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Appendix A: Particularly Hazardous Substances

Carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and chemicals with high acute toxicity are considered to be high-risk materials and are classified by OSHA as Particularly Hazardous Substances.

Carcinogens

In addition to chemicals classified as known carcinogens, there are many chemicals classified as "suspect carcinogens" since they show carcinogenic activity under certain circumstances but do not demonstrate unequivocal evidence of an increased risk of cancer in humans. In many cases, these suspected carcinogens are regulated by the OSHA Lab Standard as carcinogens, and in all cases, steps must be implemented to minimize exposure to these substances (see "Working with Particularly Hazardous Substances" below).

The following references provide lists of substances classified as carcinogens and suspect carcinogens; however, exclusion from this list does not guarantee that a substance does not possess carcinogenic activity.

• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
• National Toxicology Program (NTP)
• List of Chemicals Known to the State of California to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Carcinogen List
• OSHA regulated carcinogens

Reproductive Toxins and Chemicals with High Acute Toxicity

Reproductive toxins are those chemicals listed as such in SDSs and other recognized sources of chemical hazard information, and highly acutely toxic chemicals are those that meet the definition of "highly toxic." Unfortunately, there are no definitive listing of chemicals classified as reproductive toxins or highly acutely toxic, so SDSs and other sources of chemical hazard information should be consulted. One listing of chemicals known to cause reproductive toxicity is State of California's Proposition 65 list of chemicals (which also includes carcinogens)

A listing of several common laboratory chemicals that are known carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or which have high acute toxicity is provided to assist laboratory workers in identifying particularly hazardous substances. Additionally, the following lists can be used to help identify particularly hazardous substances:

Duke University: Particularly Hazardous Substances Lookup Tool

University of California, Santa Barbara: Select Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins and Acute Toxins

Working with Particularly Hazardous Substances

Extra precaution is required when working with particularly hazardous substances. Although risk varies depending on the specific conditions of use, the procedures described in this section are generally required when handling any chemical that is a carcinogen or highly acutely toxic. Since the risk associated with reproductive toxins is highly dependent on the specific compound and the conditions of its use, these materials should be assessed on an individual basis. High risk reproductive toxins (those with unequivocal evidence of reproductive risk) should also be handled using the procedures outlined in this section.

Suspect carcinogens (check the IARC and NTP carcinogen lists above) should be handled using these procedures when using toxicologically significant quantities or under conditions with increased likelihood of exposure (such as, generation of vapor or aerosol outside of a laboratory hood, or when skin contact is likely). For the purposes of this section, a toxicologically significant quantity is an amount greater than or equal to one-half the quantity reported to produce cancer in a mammalian species, when scaled for a 50 kg (110 pound) person:

Toxicologically Significant Quantity (g) ≥ [cancer producing dose (mg/kg) x 50 kg x 1/1000] ÷ 2

Laboratory supervisors can vary these procedures based on a risk assessment of their specific application

Designated Areas

Procedures involving particularly hazardous substances that are thought to have potential for significant exposure to personnel under normal operations must be conducted in a designated area. It is recommended that procedures with lower potential for personnel exposure also be conducted in a designated area. A designated area can be the entire laboratory, a specific laboratory workbench, or a laboratory hood. The designated area is recognized as an area of increased risk where limited access, special procedures, knowledge, and work skills are required. Designated areas must be clearly marked with signs that identify the chemical hazard and include an appropriate warning; for example: WARNING! BENZENE WORK AREA – CARCINOGEN.

Procedures for Working with Particularly Hazardous Substances

Laboratory supervisors are responsible for the development of specific SOP's designed to reduce the risk associated with handling particularly hazardous substances. Although the specific SOPs will vary according to the material used, the following guidelines are generally applicable for projects involving these substances:

• Use the smallest amount of chemical that is consistent with the requirements of the work to be performed.
• Use containment devices (such as lab hoods or glove boxes) when: (i) volatilizing these substances, (ii) manipulating substances that may generate aerosols, and (iii) performing laboratory procedures that may result in release of the substance.
  • Use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, carbon filters, or scrubber systems with containment devices to protect effluent and vacuum lines, pumps, and the environment whenever feasible.
• Use a ventilated containment to weigh out solid chemicals. Alternatively, the tare method can be used to prevent inhalation of the chemical. While working in a laboratory hood, the chemical is added to a pre-weighed container. The container is then sealed and re-weighed outside of the hood. If a chemical needs to be added or removed, this manipulation is carried out in the hood. In this manner, all open chemical handling is conducted in the laboratory hood.
• Use personal protective equipment appropriate for the specific hazards when working with these substances.
• Select chemical resistant gloves that are protective against the specific chemical(s) being used, as well as any carrier or solvent chemical.
• Upon leaving the designated area, remove any personal protective equipment worn and wash hands, forearms, face, and neck.
• After each use (or day), wipe down the immediate work area and equipment to prevent accumulation of chemical residue.
• At the end of each project, thoroughly decontaminate the designated area before resuming normal laboratory work in the area.

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Appendix B: Safe Handling of Flammable and Combustable Liquids

The International Fire Code and the National Fire Protection Association define flammable and combustible liquids according to their flash point, with flammable liquids having a flash point of less than 100 °F (38 °C) and combustible liquids having a flash point greater than 100 °F (38 °C). It should be pointed out, however, that the Globally Harmonized System for classifying and labeling chemicals that was recently incorporated into the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard defines all liquids with a flash point of less than 200 °F (93 °C) as flammable, with numerical hazard rating to indicate the specific hazard level.

Both flammable and combustible liquids are considered fire hazards. The following procedures should be implemented in order to reduce the fire risk associated with these materials.

• Flammable chemicals should be used only in lab hoods (or other well ventilated areas) and away from sources of ignition. Similarly, combustible chemicals should not be used near ignition sources, and it is recommended that they be used in lab hoods whenever possible.
  • Flash point is directly dependent on the total (system) pressure with the flash point at reduced pressures being lower than at ambient pressure. Flash point values reported in the literature should be considered to be determined at ambient conditions unless specified otherwise.
• Do not heat flammable chemicals with an open flame.
• For highly flammable chemicals, static electricity or hot surfaces can serve as ignition sources.
  • Do not use electrical devices with cracked or frayed electrical wiring.
• Transfer flammable liquids from containers of five gallon-capacity or less inside a laboratory hood (or other area with similar ventilation) to prevent accumulation of a flammable concentration of vapors.
• Transfer flammable liquids from containers of greater than five gallon-capacity in a well- ventilated area outside the laboratory building, or in an approved flammable storage room.
• When transferring flammable liquid from a bulk container (generally greater than five gallons), the containers must be electrically bonded and grounded.
• Fire extinguishers appropriate for the fire hazards present must be available in all laboratories and storage areas.
• Class D fire extinguishers must be available in the immediate work area when working with flammable metals such as magnesium, sodium, and potassium.
  • Contact Facilities Services at (775) 673-7100 to inquire about Class D fire extinguishers.
  • When using only small quantities of flammable metals, dry soda lime or sand can be used to smother a fire; however, dry graphite must be used to extinguish lithium fires.

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Appendix C: Peroxide-Forming Chemicals

Identifying Peroxide-Forming Chemicals

Many chemicals can undergo autoxidation to form explosive peroxides (see lists below - the list may not be comprehensive). Peroxide-forming compounds contain a reactive hydrogen atom that is "activated" by adjacent structural components. Reactive hydrogen atoms are most often found on the following compounds:

• Ethers and acetals with an A-hydrogen, especially cyclic ethers and those containing primary and secondary alkyl groups
• Compounds containing benzylic hydrogens
• Compounds containing allylic hydrogens, including most alkene; vinyl and vinylidene compounds; and dienes

Generally, the presence of two or more of these structural features increases the risk of peroxidation. Within a particular class of peroxidizable chemicals, the peroxidation potential decreases with increasing molecular weight of the compound. Compounds with ten or more carbon atoms at a peroxidizable site are normally not considered peroxidation hazards. Additionally, increased volatility of the parent chemical increases the likelihood that dangerous levels of peroxides will form, since evaporation leads to concentration of the peroxide product.

• Use of peroxidizable solvents in distillation or chemical synthesis procedures that involve heating and concentrating contaminating peroxides presents the highest risk of explosion, whereas solvent extraction procedures (or other "gentle" chemical procedures) generally present a low risk.

Peroxide Forming Chemicals

List A: These chemicals form explosive levels of peroxides without concentration. Discard or test for peroxides every 3 months after the open date.

Chemical Name	CAS Number
Divinyl acetylene	821-08-9
Potassium metal	7440-09-7
Sodium amide	7782-92-5
Diisopropyl ether	108-20-3
Potassium amide	17242-52-3
Vinylidene chloride	75-35-4

List B: These chemicals produce some peroxides when stored; there is increased risk when concentration occurs. Do not heat, distill, or evaporate without first testing for the presence of peroxides. Discard or test for peroxides at least every 12 months after the open date. Some of these chemicals (e.g. some secondary alcohols) may form peroxides more slowly than others, but all should be treated as List B peroxide formers.

Chemical Name	CAS Number
Acetaldehyde	75-07-0
2-Butanol	78-92-2
Cyclohexanol	108-93-0
Cyclohexene	110-83-8
Cyclopentene	142-29-0
Diacetylene	460-12-8
1,1-Diethoxyethane (acetal)	105-57-7
1,4-Dioxane	123-91-1
Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme)	110-71-4
4-Heptanol	589-55-9
Methylacetylene	74-99-7
Methylcyclopentane	96-37-7
4-Methyl-2-pentanol	108-11-2
4-Penten-1-ol	821-09-0
2-Phenylethanol	60-12-8
Tetrahydrofuran	109-99-9
Dioxanes	N/A
Vinyl ethers	N/A
Benzyl alcohol	100-51-6
Cumene	98-82-8
2-Cyclohexen-1-ol	822-67-3
Cyclooctene	931-88-4
Decahydronaphthalene	91-17-8
Dicyclopentadiene	77-73-6
Diethyl ether	60-29-7
Diethylene glycol, dimethyl ether (diglyme)	111-96-6
Furan	110-00-9
2-Hexanol	626-93-7
3-Methyl-1-butanol	123-51-3
Methyl isobutyl ketone	108-10-1
2-Pentanol	6032-29-7
1-Phenylethanol	98-85-1
2-Propanol	67-63-0
Tetrahydronaphthalene	119-64-2
Other secondary alcohols	N/A

List C: These chemicals form peroxides which initiate rapid polymerization. Uninhibited chemicals are not to be stored longer than 24 hours.

List C liquids at Room Temperature and Pressure — Discard or test for peroxides within 12 months after open date.

Chemical Name	CAS Number
2-Chloro-1,3,Butadiene (Chloroprene)	126-99-8
Vinyl acetate	108-05-4
Styrene	100-42-5
Vinyl pyridine	1337-81-1

List C gases at Room Temperature and Pressure — If transferred to a secondary container, discard within 12 months after transfer date.

Chemical Name	CAS Number
Butadiene	106-99-0
Tetrafluoroethylene	116-14-3
Vinyl chloride	75-01-4
Chlorotrifluoroethylene	79-38-9
Vinyl acetylene	689-97-4

List D: These chemicals may produce peroxides but cannot be clearly categorized in class A, B, or C. Do not heat, distill, or evaporate without first testing for the presence of peroxides. Discard or test for peroxides at least every 12 months after the open date. Some of these chemicals (e.g. some secondary alcohols) may form peroxides more slowly than others, but all should be treated as List B peroxide formers.

Acrolein	n-Butyl phenyl ether	Di(2-propynl) ether	2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
Allyl ether	n-Butyl vinyl ether	Di-n-propoxymethane	3-Methoxy-1-butyl acetate
Allyl ethyl ether	Chloroacetaldehyde diethyl acetal	1,2-Epoxy-3-isopropoxypropane	2-Methoxyethanol
Allyl phenyl ether	2-Chlorobutadiene	1,2-Epoxy-3-phenoxypropane	2-Methoxyethyl acetate
p-(n-Amyloxy)benzoyl chloride	1-(2-Chloroethoxy)-2-phenoxyethane	p-Ethoxyacetophenone	3-Methoxybutyl acetate
n-Amyl ether	Chloroethylene	1-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate	2-Methoxyethyl vinyl ether
Benzyl n-butyl ether	Chloromethyl methyl ether	2-Ethoxyethyl acetate	Methoxy-1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene
Benzyl ether	beta-Chlorophenetole	(2-Ethoxyethyl)-a-benzoyl benzoate	b-Methoxypropionitrile
Benzyl ethyl ether	o-Chlorophenol	1-Ethoxynaphthalene	m-Nitrophenetole
Benzyl methyl ether	p-Chlorophenetole	o,p-Ethoxyphenyl isocyanate	1-Octene
Benzyl-1-naphthyl ether	Cyclooctene	1-Ethoxy-2-propyne	Oxybis(2-ethyl acetate)
1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxyl)ethane	Cyclopropyl methyl ether	3-Ethoxypropionitrile	Oxybis(2-ethyl benzoate)
Bis(2-ethoxyethyl)ether	Diallyl ether	2-Ethylacrylaldehyde oxime	b,b-Oxydipropionitrile
Bis(2-(methoxyethoxy)ethyl) ether	p-Di-n-butoxybenzene	2-Ethylbutanol	1-Pentene
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether	1,2-Dibenzyloxyethane	Ethyl-b-ethoxypropionate	Phenoxyacetyl chloride
Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) adipate	p-Dibenzyloxybenzene	Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether	a-Phenoxypropionyl chloride
Bis(2-methoxyethyl) carbonate	1,2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether	2-Ethylhexanal	Phenyl-o-propyl ether
Bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether	2,4-Dichlorophenetole	Ethyl vinyl ether	p-Phenylphenetone
Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate	Diethoxymethane	2,5-Hexadiyn-1-ol	n-Propyl ether
Bis(2-methoxymethyl) adipate	2,2-Diethoxypropane	4,5-Hexadien-2-yn-1-ol	n-Propyl isopropyl ether
Bis(2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate	Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate	n-Hexyl ether	Sodium 8-11-14-eicosatetraenoate
Bis(2-phenoxyethyl) ether	Diethyl fumarate	o.p-Iodophenetole	Sodium ethoxyacetylide
Bis(4-chlorobutyl) ether	Diethyl acetal	Isoamyl benzyl ether	Tetrahydropyran
Bis(chloromethyl) ether	Diethylketene	Isoamyl ether	Triethylene glycol diacetate
2-Bromomethyl ethyl ether	Diethoxybenzene (m-,o-,p-)	Isobutyl vinyl ether	Triethylene glycol dipropionate
beta-Bromophenetole	1,2-Diethoxyethane	Isophorone	1,3,3-Trimethoxypropene
o-Bromophenetole	Dimethoxymethane	b-Isopropoxypropionitrile	1,1,2,3-Tetrachloro-1,3-butadiene
p-Bromophenetole	1,1-Dimethoxyethane	Isopropyl-2,4,5-trichlorophe noxy acetate	4-Vinyl cyclohexene
3-Bromopropyl phenyl ether	Di(1-propynl) ether	n-Methylphenetole	Vinylene carbonate
tert-Butyl methyl ether

Evaluation of Peroxide-Forming Chemicals

Peroxide-forming liquid chemicals which have not been tested for peroxides within the listed time periods must be evaluated as follows:

Visual Inspection

Visually inspect all peroxide-forming chemicals before any further evaluation. Containers that exhibit any unusual visual characteristics, such as the examples listed below, should be assumed to contain dangerous levels of peroxides and should not be disturbed (notify EHS). EHS will assist in the evaluation of chemicals. If there is any doubt about the safety of handling a chemical container, notify EHS immediately.

Liquid Chemicals

• Crystallization (around the cap or in the liquid)
• Visible discoloration
• Liquid stratification
  • Note: A flashlight or other light source can be used to increase the visibility of the interior of amber bottles.

Diethyl ether is commonly sold in steel containers which prevents visual inspection of the liquid. Therefore, diethyl ether containers whose age and use history are unknown should be assumed to contain dangerous levels of peroxides, and should not be disturbed.

Solid Chemicals (Potassium Metal, Potassium and Sodium Amide)

• Discoloration and/or formation of a surface crust (for example, potassium metal forms a yellow or orange superoxide at the surface)
  • Note: Evaluation of alkali metals and their amides is based on visual criteria only. These substances react strongly with water and oxygen, and standard peroxide tests should not be used.

Materials meeting the above criteria are considered to be high risk and will have to be disposed of by special means (limit handling and movement; notify EHS). Only chemicals which pass visual inspection should be evaluated further.

Opening Container

Only chemicals that meet the below criteria should be opened and tested for peroxides. Chemicals that do not meet one or more of these criteria should be considered to be high risk, and should not be disturbed (limit handling and movement; notify EHS).

• The identity of the chemical is known.
• The age of the chemical (since manufacture) is known.
• Evaporation of the chemical is thought to be less than 10% - if this is in question, assume that evaporation has occurred and that high peroxide levels may be present.

Note: Never try to force open a rusted or stuck cap on a container of a peroxide-forming chemical.

Additionally, the following classification-specific criteria must be met:

List A Chemicals

• Previously opened chemicals which have not been used in the preceding 3 months must be less than 6 months old.
• Chemicals unopened from the manufacturer must be less than 2 years old.
  • If this is in question, assume the container has been opened.

List B and List C (Liquids) Chemicals

• Opened chemicals not used in the preceding 12 months must be less than 5 years old.
• Chemicals unopened from the manufacturer must be less than 10 years old.
  • If this is in question, assume the container has been opened.

Chemicals not meeting the minimum criteria for opening and testing will be considered to be high risk and must be disposed of by special means (limit handling and movement; notify EHS). If after opening the container, visual irregularities such as those listed in the visual inspection are apparent, assume that dangerous levels of peroxides are present. Gently cover the container to minimize evaporation, limit handling and movement, and notify EHS as soon as possible.

Safety Precautions

Personnel handling containers of outdated peroxide-forming chemicals must wear chemical goggles and a face shield, heavy gloves, and a buttoned lab coat. Hearing protection (plugs or muffs) and a rubber apron are also recommended. Suspect chemical containers must be transferred, one at a time, to a clean (no other chemicals) lab hood. When practical, a blast shield should be used when opening or manipulating containers, and testing peroxide levels. Never attempt to force open a stuck cap on a container. Secondary containment for the chemical should also be utilized if practical. Tongs or other forms of remote handling should be used as much as practical. Verify that an operable safety shower/eyewash and fire extinguisher is readily accessible. At least one other person not directly involved in handling the chemicals should be present.

Peroxide testing

For chemicals that have been determined to be safe to open, measure the peroxide concentration using commercial peroxide test strips. Wet chemical detection methods are also available; however, the test strips are gentler, easier, faster, and have greater sensitivity and accuracy, and therefore are recommended for most applications. Laboratory personnel are responsible for performing peroxide testing of chemicals present in their laboratories or storage areas.

• Peroxide test strips (e.g., manufactured by EMD Millipore) are available from many suppliers (such as Fisher Scientific and VWR).
  • Chemicals that contain peroxide levels that exceed the test strip detection range may be diluted with a miscible, peroxide-free, solvent.

Dispose of chemical or decontaminate peroxides

• Chemicals with a peroxide concentration of less than 30 ppm can be disposed of through EHS. Laboratory personnel are responsible for decontaminating chemicals that contain greater than 30 ppm peroxides prior to disposal.
• Chemicals with a peroxide concentration greater than 800 ppm are considered high risk, and require disposal by special means (limit handling and movement; notify EHS).
• Chemicals with a peroxide concentration greater than 100 ppm must be disposed of, or if the peroxide level in a specific container of a chemical on list B is less than 800 ppm, that chemical can be decontaminated and maintained for future use upon the approval of the responsible laboratory supervisor and EHS. Decontamination and retention of chemicals with this level of peroxide contamination is generally not recommended and would require strong justification for EHS approval.
  • Peroxides can be removed by chemical treatment or column separation (1, 2).
• Chemicals with a peroxide concentration less than 800 ppm must be decontaminated to reduce the peroxide concentration to less than 30 ppm before disposal (verify treatment with testing). Notify EHS of treatment and subsequent peroxide concentration when submitting a request for waste removal.

Preparation of Peroxide Formers for Disposal

Water-insoluble peroxide formers (ethers, hydrocarbons, etc.) can be decontaminated by shaking with a concentrated ferrous salt solution (5). A solution of 6 g of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H2O), 6 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, and 11 ml of water is mixed with 1 L of the peroxide former until the peroxide concentration is reduced to below 30 ppm. Reduction of the peroxides generally takes only a few minutes. Re-test the peroxide former after decontamination to verify that the peroxide concentration is less than 30 ppm. Dispose of the decontaminated peroxide former as soon as possible through EHS (report final peroxide concentration). An alumina column is used as the standard procedure to decontaminate water-soluble peroxide formers (1, 2). Contact EHS for guidance on decontamination of these chemicals.

In some instances it may be permissible to dilute the peroxide concentration to below 30 ppm by mixing the peroxide former with a chemically compatible chemical waste stream or chemical solvent. Contact EHS prior to diluting any peroxide former in preparation for disposal. After diluting the peroxide former, verify that the peroxide concentration of the resulting mixture is less than 30 ppm, and then dispose of the waste mixture through EHS (report final peroxide concentration).

Safe Storage and Use of Peroxide-Forming Chemicals

Maintenance of peroxide-forming chemicals requires implementation of the following procedures:

• Identify potential peroxide-forming chemicals (see lists above). Prudent practice dictates that laboratories minimize their inventory of peroxide-forming chemicals.
• Label each container with the date it is received and the date it is opened.
• Store peroxide-forming chemicals in tightly sealed containers to minimize the introduction of air. An inert gas such as nitrogen or argon can be introduced into the container as an inert blanket to minimize available oxygen (inhibited vinyl monomers, List C chemicals, are the exception to this recommendation).
• Ultraviolet light can initiate autoxidation; therefore, it is best to store peroxide-forming chemicals in containers that exclude light.
• Test for peroxides at least as often as recommended in the example lists. Unopened chemicals from the manufacturer must be tested upon reaching the manufacturer's expiration date, or 18 months, whichever comes first. Chemicals with a peroxide concentration of greater than 100 ppm must be decontaminated or disposed of through EHS after treatment to reduce peroxides to less than 30 ppm.
• Inspect containers of peroxide-forming chemicals frequently, looking for signs of precipitation, stratification of liquid, crystal formation, or other irregularities. The presence of any of these signs indicates a potential shock sensitive container – do not move the container and contact EHS as soon as possible.
• Test for peroxides prior to distilling peroxide-forming chemicals (or prior to other heating and concentration procedures), as this is when explosions commonly occur. It is recommended that 10 to 20% residual bottoms be left during distillation. Additionally, a non-volatile organic liquid, such as mineral oil, can be added to minimize concentration of any peroxides.
• Chemical manufacturers often add trace quantities of free radical scavengers (for example, 100 ppm hydroquinone) to inhibit the formation of peroxides. These inhibitors become depleted as peroxides are formed. Additionally, distillation separates the inhibitor from the peroxide-forming chemical. Distilled chemicals and chemicals retained for extended periods should be checked for inhibitor concentration, and inhibitors added if the concentration is below the manufacturer's specifications (contact the manufacturer for recommendations).

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Appendix D: Corrosive Chemicals and Allergens

Corrosive Chemicals

Corrosive chemicals cause destruction of tissue through chemical action at the point of contact. Corrosive chemicals can be liquids, solids, or gases; consequently, corrosive chemicals can affect the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Examples of corrosive chemicals include: liquids such as acids and bases, bromine, and hydrogen peroxide; gases such as chlorine and ammonia; and solids such as phosphorus and phenol.

Exposure to a chemical allergen can result in immunological sensitization to the chemical or close structural analogs. Once sensitization to a chemical occurs, subsequent exposure to extremely low doses of the chemical produces an allergic reaction (for example, skin rash or asthma). Examples of compounds that may cause sensitization in some individuals are diazomethane, various isocyanates, formaldehyde, and benzylic and allylic halides.

• Avoid skin contact with chemicals considered to be corrosive or a skin sensitizer.
  • When possible, use mechanical means to handle or transfer these chemicals in order to minimize the likelihood of exposure. Examples include the use of automatic pipettors and other dispensing systems that minimize hands-on contact to replace pouring and other manipulations.
  • Use gloves and other personal protective clothing (lab apron or coat) known to be resistant to permeation and degradation by the chemical. Check gloves and protective clothing for holes.
• Use a properly functioning laboratory hood when handling concentrated acids and bases, or other chemicals that can form mists upon contact with air (often referred to as "fuming").
• Wear safety eye wear when handling these chemicals, with chemical safety goggles being recommended unless there is very low risk of eye contact.
  • Wear a face shield in addition to goggles when there is a likelihood of splash or spray.
• When diluting acids and bases, always add the acid or base to water. Do not add water to an acid or base This helps prevent dangerous reactions that can occur if water is added to concentrated acids or bases.

Hydrofluoric Acid

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is highly corrosive to body tissue, even in dilute solutions, and higher exposures can produce serious systemic toxicity. Burns involving greater than 25 square inches have the potential to cause serious system toxicity or death due to hypocalcemia. Avoid exposure to HF by all routes. Personnel using hydrofluoric acid must be specifically trained prior to use, and special work practices must be implemented to prevent exposure to HF (consult the Chemical Hygiene Officer for assistance). Always seek immediate medical attention if skin contact, eye contact, or inhalation occurs.

Note: TMCC does not store or use hydrofluoric acid.

The following document provides additional information on hydrofluoric acid.

Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) Factsheet

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Appendix E: Cryogenic Liquids and Compressed Gases

Cryogenic Liquids

Not applicable to TMCC

Compressed gases

Compressed gases are considered more hazardous to handle than liquids or solids because of the high pressure involved and the ability of the gas to spread rapidly when released. Many compressed gases are flammable, toxic or corrosive.

Safe Handling Practices

• Each compressed gas cylinder must be clearly labeled to indicate the contents.
• Check connections and hoses regularly for leaks using a specific monitoring instrument or soapy water (or equivalent). When utilizing highly flammable or toxic gas, check the delivery system using an inert gas prior to introducing the hazardous gas.
• When using compressed acetylene: (i) do not exceed a working pressure of 15 psig, and (ii) do not use vessels, piping, or other materials that contain a significant amount of copper (usually considered to be more than 50% copper).
• Replace valve caps when cylinders are not in use.
• Remove damaged or defective cylinders from service (contact the cylinder vendor for assistance).

Transport of Compressed Gases Within a Building or Connected Buildings

Never Transport Unsecured Compressed Gas Cylinders

• Compressed gas cylinders must be transported using hand-trucks or other appropriate means.
  • Cylinders should be transported upright whenever possible. Always transport and store acetylene in an upright (vertical) position.
  • Hand-trucks must be specifically designed for moving gas cylinders.
• Before transporting any cylinder, remove the pressure regulator and ensure that a safety valve cap is in place, and secure with a tight fitting chain or strap.
• Elevators can be a confined space. Due to the potential for exposure to unsafe conditions in the event of a significant leak or catastrophic release, it is recommended that personnel do not ride in an elevator with compressed gas cylinders. Have one person send the elevator and another person receive the elevator.
• Very small cylinders such as "lecture bottles" do not need to be chained to a cart. Instead use secondary containment and disconnect the pressure regulators.

Transport of Compressed Gas Cylinders Between Disconnected Buildings

• Lab personnel are permitted to move high pressure gas cylinders by hand between disconnected buildings using the same guidelines for transporting cylinders within buildings.

Storage of Compressed Gases

• Keep compressed gas cylinders secured to prevent falling or rolling. Restraint systems should be sufficiently robust so that cylinders cannot be moved significantly when wiggled by hand or during a small earthquake.
• Liquefied flammable compressed gas cylinders (e.g., acetylene) must always be stored in the upright position so that the pressure relief device is in direct communication with the vapor phase of the cylinder.
• Segregate and clearly mark full and empty cylinders.
• Store compressed gas cylinders away from heat sources and flammable and highly combustible materials (such as oil and greases).
• Segregate according to hazard class and chemical compatibility.
  • Separate flammable and oxidizing gases.
  • Store flammable gases away from combustible material, ignition sources (including unprotected electrical connections), and oxygen gas cylinders, liquid oxygen, and other oxidizers (at least 20 feet if possible or separated by a fire-rated wall).
• Toxic gases (for example, NFPA health hazard rating of 3 or 4, or OSHA acute hazard rating of 1 or 2) should be stored and used in a ventilated hood or gas cabinet. An area monitor with alarm should be used if a ventilated enclosure is not used, and when the toxic gas has poor warning properties (such as carbon monoxide). Contact the CHO for specific guidance.

Maximum Number of Gas Cylinders

As a State facility, TMCC is covered by the International Fire Code (IFC). The IFC specifies maximum allowable quantities of hazardous compressed gases per designated fire control area. Fire control areas generally consist of multiple laboratory rooms, making it difficult to assign a maximum allowable quantity for each room. NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, should also be considered. This standard provides guidance on the maximum number of compressed gas or liquefied gas cylinders per laboratory (500 ft2 or less) as shown below. Contact the CHO for more specific guidance.

Guidance on maximum number of gas cylinders per laboratory based on gas types and sprinklered vs non-sprinklered spaces

Types of Gas	Sprinklered	Non-Sprinklered
Flammable or Oxidizing Gas	6	3
Liquified Flammable Gas	3	2
gases with a Hazard Rating of 3-4	3	3

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Appendix F: Communication of Chemical Hazards

Classification of Chemical Hazards

Specific criteria has been established by OSHA for the classification of health and physical hazards, with many hazard classes sub-divided into hazard categories based on the severity of the hazard. The following tables summarize the health and physical hazards to be considered when classifying a chemical. More information and general procedures can be found in the TMCC Hazard Communication Program.

Health Hazard Classification (OSHA chemical health hazard criteria)

Hazard Class	Hazard Category
Acute Toxicity: oral, dermal, inhalation	1, 2, 3, 4
Skin Corrosion / Irritation	1A, 1B, 1C, 2 (irritant)
Serious Eye Damage / Irritation	1, 2A (irrit), 2B (irrit)
Respiratory / Skin Sensitization	1A, 1B
Germ Cell Mutagenicity	1A, 1B, 2
Carcinogenicity	1A, 1B, 2
Reproductive Toxicity	1A, 1B, 2, lactation
Specific Organ Toxicity - single exposure	1, 2, 3
Specific Organ Toxicity - repeated exposure	1, 2
Aspiration Hazard	1
Simple Asphyxiants	Single category

Physical Hazard Classification (OSHA chemical physical hazard criteria)

Hazard Class	Hazard Category
Explosives	Unstable Explosives, Div. 1.1, Div. 1.2, Div. 1.3, Div. 1.44, Div. 1.5, Div. 1.6
Flammable gases	1, 2
Oxidizing gases	1
gases Under Pressure	None
Compressed gases	Single category
Liquefied gases	Single category
Refrigerated Liquefied gases	Single category
Dissolved gases	Single category
Flammable Liquids	1, 2, 3, 4
Flammable Solids	1, 2
Self-Reactive Substances	Type A, Type B, Type C, Type D, Type E, Type G
Pyrophoric Liquids	1
Pyrophoric Solids	1
Self-Heating Substances	1, 2
Chemicals Which, In Contact With Water, Emit Flammable gases	1, 2, 3
Oxidizing Liquids	1, 2, 3
Oxidizing Solids	1, 2, 3
Organic Peroxides	Type A, Type B, Type C, Type D, Type E, Type G
Corrosive to Metals	1

Hazard Ratings

The hazard categories provide information on the severity of the hazard, with some categories including numerical ratings. Under the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) criteria, the highest hazards are rated as "1" and lower hazards are rated as successively higher numerical or alphabetical ratings. This hazard rating scheme is in contrast to the commonly used National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704 and Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) systems which use a hazard rating of "0" for the lowest hazard and "4" for the highest hazard. A comparison of the HCS hazard rating scheme and the NFPA 704 and HMIS schemes is shown below.

NFPA/HMIS Hazard Ratings

Rating	Degree of Hazard
0	Minimal Hazard
1	Slight Hazard
2	Moderate Hazard
3	Serious Hazard
4	Severe Hazard

HCS Hazard Ratings

Rating	Degree of Hazard
Category 1	Severe Hazard
Category 2	Serious Hazard
Category 3	Moderate Hazard
Category 4	Slight Hazard
Category 5	Minimal Hazard

Hazard Definitions

The HCS hazard definitions may differ from other commonly used definitions. Of particular note is the use of the term "flammable liquid." The International Fire Code (IFC) and the NFPA classify liquids with flash points of less than 100 °F as a flammable liquid, with liquids having flash points greater than 100 °F as combustible liquids. The HCS classifies flammable liquids as those with a flash point of less than or equal to 200 °F.

IFC/NFPA flammable liquid = flash point < 100 °F (38 °C)

HCS flammable liquid = flash point ≤ 200 °F (93 °C)

Safety Data Sheets

Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are chemical hazard information sheets designed to provide users with the information necessary to handle the chemical safely. OSHA regulations require that chemical manufacturers and vendors supply MSDSs to chemical users, and that workers have ready access to SDSs.

• All SDSs received with incoming hazardous chemicals must be retained.
• A SDS is not required for uncharacterized research material used only by the laboratory that produced it, or for laboratory reagents mixed in the laboratory; however, laboratory workers must be aware of the hazards presented by these chemicals. If the hazards are unknown the chemical must be handled in a manner to minimize exposure to personnel.
• If a chemical substance is prepared for another user outside of the laboratory, the requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) must be met, including preparation of a SDS. Contact EHS for assistance with preparation of SDSs.

Sds Review and Availability

Before using a new chemical, laboratory workers should review the SDS. Consequently, all laboratory workers must know the location of the SDSs that are maintained by the laboratory, and how to obtain SDSs covering additional chemicals used in the laboratory.

• A detailed inventory of lab chemicals and SDSs should be kept current. SDSs should be uploaded to the EHS SDS Management System and can be accessed from the EHS SDS Database.
• Additional sources of SDSs and hazard information:
  • Fisher Scientific - SDSs for Fisher products
  • Sigma-Aldrich - SDSs for Sigma-Aldrich products

Additional Hazard Information

• Prudent Practices in the Laboratory(can download in PDF for free), National Research Council (2011), or found in the TMCC Library.
• Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, eighth edition, P. G. Urben (Ed.) (2017), with the seventh edition (2006) accessible online. The handbook can also be found in the TMCC Library.
• CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, fifth edition, A. Keith Furr (Ed.) (2000)
• Laboratory for Chemistry Students, second edition, Robert H. Hill, Jr. and David C. Finster (2016), with the first edition (2010) accessible through theTMCC Library.
• Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, ninth edition, Curtis D. Klaassen (Ed.) (2019).

Chemical Labeling

Unidentified chemicals represent an increased risk to personnel due to a lack of information on how to properly handle the material. Additionally, unknown chemicals may be a financial burden since they cannot be disposed of without identification, which may involve laboratory analysis. To avoid unidentified chemicals, label all chemical containers as described below.

Original Manufacturer’s Containers

OSHA regulations require that manufacturers' chemical labels include the following information:

• Product Identifier: The name of the chemical or chemical product.
• Signal Word: Used to indicate the relative severity of the hazard. Only "Danger" or "Warning" can be used, with "Danger" indicating more severe hazards and "Warning" indicating less severe hazards.
• Pictogram: Any number of the eight pictograms shown below will be used to display the major hazard categories associated with the chemical. When a chemical has multiple hazards, different pictograms will be used to display the various hazards.
• Hazard Statements: Describe the nature of the hazards associated with the chemical. All applicable hazard statements must appear on the chemical label. Hazard statements should be consistent regardless of the chemical or manufacturer.
• Precautionary Statements: Describe recommended measures to prevent adverse effects that may result from exposure to the chemical. When there are similar precautionary statements, the statement providing the most protective information will be listed.
• Name, Address, and Phone Number: The name, address, and phone number of the chemical manufacturer or distributor.

Additional regulations require that:

• Labels on manufacturers' containers must not be removed or defaced unless the container has been emptied or the chemical corresponding to the original label has been replaced with a different chemical.
• If the original label is missing or is illegible, it must be replaced with a label containing the above information.

Chemical Hazard Pictograms

The following chemical hazard pictograms are required by OSHA to be included on manufacturers' chemical labels. Chemical labels will include multiple pictograms as is needed to communicate all hazards associated with the particular chemical.

Secondary Containers

Chemicals that are transferred from their original container to a secondary storage container and which will be stored long term must be labeled to indicate the chemical name, and the primary hazards should be indicated through use of the above pictograms or hazard wording. Likewise, containers of chemical mixtures that have been prepared in the laboratory for use as reagents (such as buffers, or dilute acid or base solutions) must be labeled to indicate the hazardous chemical constituents and the primary hazards should also be indicated. Include chemical concentrations on reagent containers (such as acids and bases) to accurately communicate the hazards associated with the material. The chemical name and hazard information must be consistent with the original manufacturer's label.

Where practical, chemical names must be spelled out on container labels. Abbreviations and common reagent names may be used for labeling provided that information on the chemical constituents is available in the laboratory, and laboratory personnel are familiar with this information.

Temporary chemical containers (such as beakers, volumetric flasks, and reaction vessels) in active use require only a content identifier label; however, hazard warnings are recommended for reagents that are highly toxic, highly flammable, or which have other significant hazards. If these containers are stored they should also be labeled to indicate the primary hazards.

Research Materials

The hazards of chemicals synthesized in the laboratory, and other research materials, are often not completely known and complete hazard labeling is not possible. Nevertheless, research materials must be labeled as completely as possible using the following guidelines:

• Label research materials with the name of the responsible researcher and the identity and hazards (as available). General labeling to indicate chemical identity or class of chemical and hazards can be used when specific information is not known or cannot be included on labels in a practical manner (e.g., a large number of containers of research materials in process).
• References to research notebooks, etc. should be included when necessary to convey identity and hazard information.

Chemical Delivery Systems

Inadequate labeling of chemical piping and tubing delivery systems can confuse personnel and lead to chemical exposure, fire, or explosion due to inadvertent cutting of lines or unsafe work practices (such as use of flame near lines containing a flammable chemical).

• All facility piping used for delivery of natural gas, water, and air must be labeled with content identifier labels placed periodically along the length of the delivery system.
• Non-facility delivery systems to include semi-permanent and temporary piping or tubing of compressed gases or other chemicals should also be labeled throughout the delivery system.

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Appendix G: Chemical Storage

General Storage Guidelines

The primary goals of safe chemical storage are to reduce risk by minimizing quantities of chemicals stored, avoiding contact between incompatible chemicals, and preventing hazardous storage conditions (for example, light and heat). Additionally, physical security of chemical storage areas should be considered in risk assessment. Provide adequate security so that unauthorized personnel do not have access to chemicals. Chemical storage areas should be locked when authorized personnel are not present.

Selection of Chemicals

The overall risk associated with a particular laboratory is dependent in large part on the chemical inventory; chemical hazards, chemical volume, and storage conditions all influence risk. Whenever possible, choose chemicals that minimize hazards such as toxicity, flammability, and reactivity. In some cases, a less hazardous chemical can be used if laboratory procedures are modified. Ordering only the volume of chemical needed, or that will be used within the shelf life of the chemical, will minimize the chemical inventory and waste within the laboratory. Always, determine if adequate storage conditions such as physical space and storage containers (such as flammable storage cabinets) are available prior to chemical procurement.

Chemical Inventory and Inspection

Chemical inventory must be maintained for all chemicals stored in the laboratory. EHS maintains a chemical inventory system and laboratories are encouraged to keep their inventory current by adding and deleting chemicals as they are received or disposed of. Contact EHS for access or permissions to the chemical inventory system.

The laboratory should perform periodic (at least annually) inspections of their chemical inventory. Chemicals that are no longer needed, or which meet any of the following conditions, should be disposed of through EHS:

• Safe shelf life has been exceeded
• Evidence of chemical reaction
• Identity of chemical is unknown
• Container and/or cap corroded, leaking, or otherwise in poor condition.

General Storage Recommendations

• Chemical containers should be labeled with the date of receipt and the date opened. This is especially important for peroxide forming chemicals and other chemicals with specific safe storage lifetimes.
• Higher risk chemicals (highly toxic, flammable, or reactive) should be stored in secondary containment to reduce the likelihood of release.
  • For liquid chemicals, plastic tubs and trays can be used as secondary containment for larger containers or multiple containers, while sealed cans and plastic bags can be used for smaller, individual containers.
  • For solid chemicals, sealed containers or plastic bags can provide secondary containment.
• Generally, chemicals should be stored in cabinets or on shelves.
  • Storage of chemicals in laboratory hoods should be minimized in order to maximize the hood ventilation performance.
  • Storage of chemicals on the floor should be avoided, and if required, glass chemical containers stored on the floor must be in secondary containment.
• Chemical storage cabinets should be secured to a wall or other structure to avoid tipping over.
  • Shelving should be secure and able to support the materials placed on them.
  • Shelves should have a barrier or lip to prevent chemical containers from falling off.

Segregation and Storage of Chemicals

In order to reduce the likelihood of incompatible mixing during storage, chemicals should be segregated and stored according to their hazard classification and compatibility (see Partial List of Chemical Incompatibilities). Incompatible chemicals within hazard classes should also be separated.

Chemicals should be stored according to the following classifications:

Storage Group	Description
A	Compatible Organic Bases
B	Compatible Pyrophoric and Water Reactive Materials
C	Compatible Inorganic Bases
D	Compatible Organic Acids
E	Compatible Oxidizers Including Peroxides
F	Compatible Inorganic Acids Not Including Oxidizers or Combustibles
G	Not Intrinsically Reactive or Flammable or Combustible
J*	Poison Compressed gases
K*	Compatible Explosive Or Other Highly Unstable Materials
L	Non-Reactive Flammables and Combustibles, Including Solvents
X*	Incompatible With All Other Storage Groups

*Storage groups J, K, and X: Consult manufacturer and EHS for specific storage guidance.

• Storage groups can be used to assist laboratory workers in segregating chemicals; however, incompatible chemicals may still end up grouped together so laboratory personnel will need to evaluate the compatibility of stored chemicals.
• When a chemical fits in more than one hazard category, store the chemical according to the highest risk (based on severity of consequences and likelihood) hazard criteria.

Note: Fire is generally considered to be the highest risk category and flammability/combustibility should be used as the major storage criteria.

General Chemical Storage (Storage Group Gray)

General chemical storage includes low risk chemicals not assigned to another specific hazard group (such as salts, amino acids, buffers, etc.). Store these chemicals using general storage recommendations.

• It is recommended that general chemicals be separated into liquids and solids, and then further segregated into organic and inorganic sections.

Acids

Note: Glacial acetic acid has a flash point of approximately 102 °F (39 °C) and is classified as a combustible liquid.

• Store oxidizing acids (such as nitric acid, perchloric, and chromic acid) away from organic acids, and organic solvents.
  • Concentrated perchloric acid should be stored in glass or plastic (polyethylene or polypropylene) secondary containers away from combustible materials (such as wooden shelves and paper).
• Store inorganic acids separately from organic acids.
• Concentrated acids should be stored in an acid storage cabinet.
• Separate acids from active metals (such as sodium, magnesium, and potassium) and chemicals that generate toxic gases on contact with acids (such as inorganic cyanides and sulfides).
• Separate acids from bases.
  • If necessary, acids and bases can be stored in the same cabinet; however, they should be physically separated by storing in secondary containers (such as bus tubs).

Bases

• Separate bases from acids.

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Maximum Flammable and Combustible Liquid Container Size

The maximum allowable (by OSHA) sizes for flammable and combustible liquid storage containers are as follows:

Container Type	Flammability Liquid Category 1	Flammability Liquid Category 2	Flammability Liquid Category 3	Flammability Liquid Category 4
Glass or approved plastic	1 pint	1 quart	1 gallon	1 gallon
Metal (or other DOT approved drums)	1 gallon	5 gallons	5 gallons	5 gallons
Safety cans	2 gallons	5 gallons	5 gallons	5 gallons
Metal Drums (DOT specified)	60 gallons	60 gallons	60 gallons	60 gallons
Approved portable tanks	660 gallons	660 gallons	660 gallons	660 gallons

Exceptions: Glass or plastic containers up to one gallon capacity can be used for a Category 1 or 2 flammable liquid if the stored liquid would be rendered unfit for its intended use by contact with metal, or would excessively corrode a metal container so as to create a leak hazard. See 29 CFR 1910.106(d)(2)(iii)(a)(1)-(2) for complete exception.

OSHA Flammable Liquid Categories

Category 1 - Flash point < 23°C (73.4°F) and initial boiling point ≤ 35°C (95°F)

Category 2 - Flash point < 23°C (73.4°F) and initial boiling point > 35°C (95°F)

Category 3 - Flash point ≥ 23°C (73.4°F) and ≤ 60°C (140°F)

Category 4 - Flash point > 60°C (140°F) and ≤ 93°C (199.4°F)

Maximum Allowable Quantities in Laboratory Buildings

Best laboratory safety practice dictates that the volume of flammable and combustible liquids stored and used in the laboratory be minimized. Flammable liquids, and to a lesser extent combustible liquids, should always be stored in flammable liquid storage cabinets and safety cans to minimize the risk of fire.

The Nevada State Fire Marshal, through incorporation of the International Fire Code (IFC), regulates maximum storage quantities for flammable and combustible liquids per fire control area. The IFC also limits the number of control areas per building and per floor.

The maximum allowable quantities of flammable and combustible liquids per control area (including chemical waste) are:

Class	Quantity - Storage	Quantity - In Use, Closed System	Quantity - In Use, Open System
1A	30 gallons	30 gallons	10 gallons
1A, 1B, and 1C combined*	120 gallons	120 gallons	30 gallons
II	120 gallons	120 gallons	30 gallons
IIA	330 gallons	330 gallons	80 gallons

* Quantity limits for Class 1A may not be exceeded.

IFC Flammable and Combustible Liquid Definitions

Class IA - Liquids having a flashpoint below 73 °F (23 °C), and having a boiling point below 100 °F (38 °C).

Class IB - Liquids having a flashpoint below 73 °F (23 °C), and having a boiling point at or above 100 °F (38 °C).

Class IC - Liquids having a flashpoint at or above 73 °F (23 °C), and below 100 °F (38 °C).

Combustible Liquids

Class II - Liquids having a flashpoint at or above 100 °F (23 °C), but below 140 °F (60 °C).

Class IIIA - Liquids having a flashpoint at or above 140 °F (60 °C), but below 200 °F (93 °C).

Note: Quantities of flammable liquids stored outside of a flammable storage cabinet or safety should be limited as follows:

• The maximum quantity of flammable liquids (Class I) and Class II combustible liquids, combined, that can be stored outside of a flammable storage cabinet is 10 gallons; however, this total can be increased to 25 gallons if the flammable and combustible liquids are stored in safety cans.
• All 5 gallon flammable liquid containers should be stored in a flammable liquid storage cabinet.

Storage in Flammable Liquid Cabinets

Maximum Storage Quantities

• Maximum storage quantities per individual flammable liquid storage cabinet are:
  • 60 gallons of flammable or combustible liquid.
  • 120 gallons of flammable and combustible liquid combined.

Ventilation of Flammable Liquid Cabinets

• Flammable storage cabinets should not be vented for fire protection purposes.
• Ventilation of cabinets must be in accordance with fire protection requirements found in NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code and approved by the State Fire Marshal's Office.
  • Do not remove vent bungs from storage cabinets unless the cabinets are properly ventilated.

Additional information on venting flammable liquid storage cabinets is available from Grainger.

Labeling of Flammable Liquid Cabinets

• Storage cabinets must be labeled "Flammable-Keep Fire Away."

Storage in Refrigerators and Freezers

Refrigerators and freezers designed for domestic use contain interior spark sources and should not be used for storage of flammable liquids.

• Do not use a domestic refrigerator or freezer for storage of flammable liquids; use only an approved "laboratory safe" unit (no spark sources in the interior of the unit).
  • The quantity of flammable liquid stored in refrigerators is included in the maximum amount that can be stored outside of an approved flammable liquid cabinet.

Non-Flammable/Combustible Organic Liquids

• Store in a cabinet separated from oxidizing materials.
  • These chemicals can be stored with flammable and combustible liquids.

Oxidizers

• Separate oxidizers from flammable and combustible materials, and reducing agents.

Highly Reactive Chemicals

• Store water reactive chemicals in a secondary container or other protective barrier against accidental exposure to water.
  • Do not store under sinks or near other locations with potential water exposure.
• Store pyrophoric chemicals in an inert atmosphere in accordance with the manufacturer's (SDS) recommendations or other recognized laboratory safety practices, and away from flammable chemicals and heat sources.
• Many organic chemicals can undergo autoxidation upon exposure to air and form shock sensitive peroxides.

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Appendix H: Personal Protective Equipment

Use of Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used to supplement engineering controls (such as laboratory ventilation, and interlock systems) and good work practices, and is an important component of laboratory safety. When properly selected and used, personal protective equipment is effective in minimizing exposure to multiple hazards. Personal protective equipment should always be inspected prior to use, and must not be used if found to be defective.

Note: PPE is our last line of defense and should rarely be solely relied upon for complete infallible protection.

Eye Protection

• Eye protection should be maintained at all times while working in the laboratory. Eye protection must be worn by all personnel in close proximity to chemical work (chemicals in use, chemical reactions, chemical waste handling, etc.). Always assume eye protection is required in the laboratory
• Normal prescription glasses or sunglasses do not qualify as safety eyewear. Acceptable safety eyewear must meet the requirements of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) code Z87.1 ("Z87" will be imprinted or labeled on the eyewear).
  • Safety glasses require side shields.
• Chemical splash goggles with indirect venting should be worn when there is a likelihood of chemical splash or spray, explosion/implosion, or other significant eye hazards.
• A face shield should be worn over safety eyewear when working with large quantities of highly corrosive chemicals, operations significantly above or below ambient pressure, or other high risk operations.

Contact Lenses

Contact lenses can be worn by laboratory workers under the following circumstances:

• Protective eyewear that is appropriate for the hazard is worn. Contact lenses do not provide adequate protection and are not considered protective equipment.
• Contact lenses are removed at the first sign of eye redness or irritation thought to be associated with the laboratory environment. An optometrist or ophthalmologist should be consulted regarding continued use of contact lenses in the laboratory.

Note: In many cases, wearing contact lenses provides the laboratory worker with a wider selection of eye and respiratory protection. More information on wearing contact lenses in the laboratory is available in the 2005 NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin, Contact Lens Use in a Chemical Environment.

Hand Protection

There are a variety of glove materials available. No one glove material is resistant to permeation by all chemicals. When significant chemical contact (significant because of toxicity, corrosivity, chemical volume or contact time) is expected, specific chemical resistant gloves should be selected based on their resistance to the chemicals in use.

General Use Guidelines

• Gloves should be inspected prior to use and discarded if there are signs of degradation, tears, punctures, or swelling.
  • Gloves can be tested for leaks by inflating the glove with air (do not inflate by mouth).
• Always remove gloves when leaving a chemical, biological, or radiological use area to avoid spreading contamination.
  • Do not spread chemical contamination by handling common items such as books, phones, and doorknobs.

Disposable Gloves

Disposable (thin) latex gloves are often worn in the laboratory because they provide excellent dexterity and they are inexpensive. These gloves provide protection against dry chemicals but they do not provide adequate protection against strong acids, bases, and organic solvents commonly used in laboratories. Disposable nitrile and chloroprene gloves provide better chemical resistance than do disposable latex gloves and are recommended for general laboratory work where significant chemical contact is not expected. Regardless of the glove material, disposable gloves only provide protection against incidental chemical contact (occasional splash or spray). If contact with a chemical of concern occurs, the gloves should be removed immediately, hands washed, and new gloves obtained.

Chemical Resistant Gloves

Thicker, chemical resistant gloves should be worn when skin contact with corrosive or highly toxic chemicals is likely. When working with highly toxic chemicals, especially those that are absorbed through the skin, wear chemical resistant gloves made of material known to be resistant to permeation by the specific chemical. If chemical resistant gloves are reused, they should be thoroughly rinsed with clean water after each use and allowed to air dry.

Choosing Chemical Resistant Gloves

The following table provides general guidance for several chemical resistant glove materials:

Glove Material	Generally Recommended For	Not Recommended For
Butyl Rubber	Acids, bases, ketones, esters, alcohols, and aldehydes	Aliphatic, aromatic, and halogenated hydrocarbons
Natural (Latex) Rubber	Alcohols, caustics, ketones, and many acids	Aromatics, and hydrocarbons (especially halogenated or aromatic)
Neoprene	Organic acids, caustics, alcohols, ketones, and petroleum hydrocarbons	Aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons
Nitrile	Many acids, caustics, alcohols, and hydrocarbons	Ketones, halogenated hydrocarbons, and strong acids
Polyvinyl Alcohol	Most organic solvents, including aromatic, halogenated, and petroleum solvents	Inorganic acids, caustics, alcohols, and other aqueous or polar liquids
Viton	Halogenated and aromatic organic solvents	Ketones, ethers, amines, and aldehydes

UNR EHS has also compiled a list of recommended glove types for several specific laboratory chemicals to assist laboratory workers in identifying the proper glove for their application. Additional information on recommended chemical resistant gloves is available from glove manufacturers:

• North Chemical Resistance Guide
• Ansell Chemical Protection Guide
• Microflex Chemical Resistance Guide for latex and nitrile gloves
• MAPA Professional Glove Selection Guide

Body Protection

Laboratory workers are expected to always wear a long sleeved (with sleeves rolled down), buttoned lab coat that extends below their mid-thigh when handling hazardous chemicals. All laboratory workers should wear clothing that fully covers their legs; however, tight fitting leggings are not recommended.

Cotton lab coats are recommended for general laboratory work. The best lab coat material for a specific application can depend on the anticipated hazards. Although cotton lab coats are recommended for general laboratory use, cotton reacts rapidly with acids. Synthetic materials often provide increased chemical resistance but may melt or decompose when exposed to fire or certain chemicals and adhere to skin, increasing damage, but are more resistant to concentrated acids than cotton. Alternatively, rubberized aprons and chemical resistant sleeves can be used over cotton lab coats when working with concentrated acids or other highly corrosive chemicals.

When working with larger quantities of flammable materials or any quantity of pyrophoric chemicals, a fire resistant lab coat should be worn. Additionally, personal clothing composed of synthetic material that is likely to melt and adhere to skin if exposed to fire should not be worn.

Non-disposable lab coats must be laundered on a regular basis, with transport in sealed plastic bags. Lab coats should not be laundered at home but should be laundered using a commercial laundry service.

Foot Protection

Laboratory workers should always wear low-heeled shoes with fully covering "uppers." Shoes with open toes or with uppers constructed of woven material should not be worn in the laboratory.

Respiratory Protection

Respiratory protection is not normally required during laboratory operations if the work is performed in a properly functioning laboratory hood. Operations involving highly volatile chemicals, large volumes of chemicals, chemicals with low exposure limits (such as less than 10 ppm), or operations that cannot be performed in a hood, may require the use of respiratory protection. Contact the Chemical Hygiene Officer regarding respirator use and approval.

Required Use of Respiratory Protection

Prior approval from EHS is required whenever personnel are required to wear any respirator (including N95 dust masks/filtering facepiece respirators) to prevent exposure to recognized health risks, or when required by regulation or administrative procedure. In these circumstances, all personnel must be medically evaluated, fit-tested, and trained prior to using respiratory protection.

Voluntary Use of Respirators

Some personnel may want to voluntarily wear a dust mask (filtering facepiece respirator) or other respirator in the absence of a recognized inhalation risk, regulatory requirement, or administrative requirement. In these circumstances, personnel are permitted to voluntarily wear a respirator; however, certain requirements must still be met so EHS must be contacted prior to voluntary use of respirators.

Voluntary use of N-95 dust masks/filtering facepiece respirators requires only that specific information contained in the applicable OSHA standard (29 CFR 1910.134, Appendix D) be provided to each person. To meet this requirement, each person who plans on wearing a respirator voluntarily must complete a Voluntary Use of Air Purifying Respirators form and send the completed form to the Chemical Hygiene Officer. As a reminder, dust masks/filtering facepiece respirators are particulate filters and therefore are only effective against particles; they do not provide protection from inhalation of gases or vapors.

Voluntary use of any respirator other than N95 dust masks/filtering facepiece respirators requires that each person be medically evaluated, fit-tested, and trained prior to respirator use. Chemical Hygiene Officer for more information.

Additional Information on Respirators and Regulatory Requirements:

• OSHA Respiratory Protection eTool
• TMCC Respiratory Protection Program

Personal Protective Equipment Use Summary

The following table provides a hazard assessment summary and corresponding PPE recommendations for general laboratory operations. In some instances, the following PPE recommendations may be inappropriate due to factors such as chemical quantity used, specific chemical toxicological factors, and other variables. These recommendations may be modified following an assessment of the risk associated with the specific procedure and the approval of the responsible laboratory supervisor. Laboratory-specific guidance should be documented in written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and included in laboratory-specific training.

In all cases, the specific risks associated with particular procedures should be evaluated and PPE selected based on this risk assessment:

Hazard	Recommended Eye Protection Equipment	Recommended Face Protection Equipment	Recommended Hand/Body Equipment
Any use of chemicals	Safety glasses	Not necessary unless noted below	Lab coat
Use of corrosives (other than hydrofluoric acid), strong oxidizers	Chemical splash goggles Dilute Solutions (<1 n) safety glasses or goggles	Full face shield and goggles for large liquid volumes (≥ 4 L)	Chemical resistant gloves and lab coat, with rubber apron suggested for high risk procedures. For small volumes (< 250 ml) or dilute solutions (< 1 N): Disposable gloves, lab coat.
Hydrofluoric Acid	Chemical splash goggles	Full face shield and goggles for solutions greater than 2%	Chemical resistant gloves (butyl or neoprene) and lab coat, with rubber apron recommended (with chemical resistant sleeve protectors recommended). For solutions less than 2%: chemical resistant gloves and lab coat (rubber apron recommended)
Use of carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and other highly toxic compounds	Chemical splash goggles	Full face shield and goggles for large liquid volumes (≥ 4 L)	Chemical resistant gloves and lab coat, with rubber apron suggested for large liquid volumes.
Cryogenic Liquids	Chemical splash goggles	Full face shield and goggles when pouring or other transfers	Lab coat, cryogenic gloves or other insulated gloves that provide cold protection
Sharp objects (glass, etc.), insertion of glass rods into stoppers	Safety glasses	Not Necessary	Heavy cloth barrier or leather gloves, handle broken glass with tongs
Pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum systems)	Chemical splash goggles	Full face shield and goggles	Lab coat, with rubber apron suggested if chemical splash is possible

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Appendix I: Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers

Availability of Eyewashes and Safety Showers

All laboratories and chemical storage areas must have ready access to an operating eyewash, with a safety shower required where highly corrosive chemicals are used. Recommended maximum travel time for an affected individual (assume eyes have been splashed with chemicals) is 10 seconds (considered to be approximately 55 feet). Contact the Chemical Hygiene Officer for a determination on the necessity and placement of eyewashes and showers.

Access to Eyewashes and Safety Showers

In the event of a personal contamination, prompt flushing of the affected area is necessary to minimize harm to the affected person. Keep the eyewash/safety shower area free of obstructions, and easily accessible.

Maintenance of Eyewashes and Showers

Individual users (departments or laboratories) should flush eyewashes on a weekly basis to verify performance and to reduce the threat of microbial infection.

Eye washes and safety showers are checked by EHS personnel on a periodic basis. Laboratory users are responsible for conducting performance checks of units in these locations.

Personal Eyewashes

In some instances it may be prudent to supplement plumbed eyewashes with personal eyewashes (individual plastic water bottles). Personal eyewashes are not meant to replace plumbed units. Personal eyewashes are to be used only to provide immediate flushing. Once this is accomplished, the affected individual must then perform a thorough flushing of the eyes using a plumbed unit (15 minutes is recommended).

Non-plumbed eyewash units, to include personal eyewash units and portable eye wash units, must be maintained and discarded according to the manufacturer's instructions and expiration date.

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Appendix J: Laboratory Ventilation

Use of Laboratory Hoods

General laboratory room ventilation is designed to provide heating and cooling to the laboratory. General room ventilation does not effectively control personal exposures to hazardous levels of airborne chemicals. Laboratory hoods are required to contain chemical vapors and gases at the emission source. Laboratory hoods are the most important engineered control for protecting laboratory workers from chemical exposure.

All chemicals, especially toxic and/or flammable chemicals, should be handled in a laboratory hood. Chemicals that have high acute toxicity or which are carcinogens or reproductive toxins must be handled in a laboratory hood, except for situations where the risk is low (such as operations involving very small quantities or very low likelihood of inhalation exposure). As a general guide, chemicals meeting the definition of "toxic," or which have an exposure limit less than 50 ppm (or 0.25 mg/m3 for airborne particulate), should be used in a laboratory hood or other containment device that effectively controls exposures.

Guidelines for Laboratory Hood Users

Laboratory hoods are designed to contain vapor and gases; however, the hood airflow must compete against external air currents and turbulent internal airflow in order to achieve effective containment. The following guidelines are good practices that will facilitate effective containment of contaminants.

• Verify sufficient inward airflow before using a hood.
  • For hoods with an air velocity monitor, check the monitor. Alternatively, a strip of lightweight paper (such as a Kimwipe) or a piece of yarn should be readily pulled inward when held at the face of the hood.
• When possible, position the hood sash such that the glass is between the worker (especially the face) and the chemical source. Close the hood sash when not working in the hood.
• Avoid rapid movements at the face of the hood, as they tend to create competing air currents and reduce the ability of the hood to contain air contaminants.
• Keep chemical sources and equipment at least six inches behind the face of the hood.
• Minimize equipment placed in the hood to avoid dead air spaces and/or eddies.
• Equipment used in hoods should be placed on blocks to allow air to flow under and around the equipment.

Evaluation of Laboratory Hood Performance

A third party contractor (Heninger Enterprises) performs laboratory hood evaluations to ensure that ventilation performance measures are being met. This consists of a face velocity measurement and a visual evaluation of the hood's ability to capture and contain visual smoke.

• Laboratory hood performance evaluations are conducted on an annual basis.
  • Laboratory hood performance should also be evaluated following any maintenance, repair, or modification that could affect ventilation performance.
• After each successful hood performance evaluation a sticker with a red arrow on it is affixed at the side of the hood opening corresponding to a sash height of 16". This sticker lists the average face velocity of that hood and the date when the next evaluation is due.
  • If the hood evaluation indicates that the hood ventilation is not adequate a "Do Not Use" sticker is placed on the front of the sash and EHS will submit a work request for repair of the hood. Do not use a hood that has been labeled as "Do Not Use."
• If a laboratory hood has not been evaluated within the past 12 months (or if the due date is within less than a month) contact the Lab Coordinator to request an evaluation of the hood.
• A face velocity of 80-120 fpm is recommended for most laboratory hoods. A face velocity outside of this recommended range should be approved for specific use by EHS.
• Consult with EHS and Facilities Maintenance before making any change to a ventilation system (laboratory hood or general room ventilation), or for assistance with unique experimental set-ups.
• Do not use lab hoods to "dispose" of chemicals by evaporation unless the vapors are trapped and recovered for proper waste disposal.

Repair and Maintenance of Laboratory Hoods

• If a laboratory hood or other laboratory ventilation device is operating but does not seem to have adequate or normal air flow, contact the Chemical Hygiene Officer or the Lab Coordinator and request an evaluation.
• Notify the Chemical Hygiene Officer and the Lab Coordinator if a laboratory hood or other laboratory ventilation device is inoperable or needs repair (e.g., a broken sash).

Laboratory Hood Failure

In the event of a hood failure during chemical use:

• Turn off power to all apparatus in the hood.
• Stabilize the chemical source as much as possible to minimize release. Cover chemical containers if it is safe to do so (do not cover containers that may develop internal pressure).
• Close hood sash.
• Notify other occupants of the laboratory.
• Notify the laboratory supervisor and/or the department office and call Facilities Maintenance to report the problem. Also report the issue to the EHS Department.
• If hazardous chemicals are released from the hood in a quantity that presents an immediate fire hazard or high health hazard, evacuate the area and call Reno City emergency responders at 911. Call EHS if the released material presents a lower risk scenario (no fire hazard and/or lower health hazard).

Additional Information

Chemical Fume Hood Videos

Loss of containment due to the removal of equipment Loss of containment due to excessive sash height Loss of containment caused by personnel walking past the hood